Trees, Renal (Grand Anse)
Focus Group conducted 2/02/18
Participants:
#2, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education
#5, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education
#15, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade
#16, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer
#17, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 10th grade
#18, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school
#19, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education
#20, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education
#41, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education
Tim: Well! We’ll start now. I already explained what we are doing. Now we will just ask some questions. We’ll start with trees. So, what trees do you have around here? You can answer, 18.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): What trees do we have here? We have Mangoes, we have Avocados, we have Ash, we have Mahagony. You understand?
Tim. Yes, and what else?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): And Breadfruit.
Islande: There’s something you’re forgetting. You’re not saying your number when you speak.
Tim: Yes! When you say something it’s so we can find your name on the list.
Tim: What other trees do you have?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): We have Breadfruit.
Tim: Yes, they just said that. What else?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Breadfruit.
Tim: Yes.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): We have Papayas.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Log Wood trees
Tim: Log Wood?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Log Wood, Log Wood
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Mesquite.
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): We have Mesquite.
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): And we have Mahagony.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Guaba
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): We have Gumbo Limbo.
Tim: Gumbo Limbo.
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): We have Maiden Plum
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): We have Mombin (Hog Plum).
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): We have lots of trees. We have all kinds of trees.
Tim: Does anyone here plant trees?
Islande: Name them.
Tim: Are you actually planting them? For example Number 18, when was the last time you planted a tree?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Ah! I’m still, I’m still planting trees all the time.
Tim: So, did you plant one yesterday, last week, last year?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Yes, I’m always planting trees.
Tim: When was the last time you planted one?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Well, I planted a tree in December, just two months ago.
Tim: What kind was it?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): A… a Breadfruit.
Tim: And you, what’s your number, 17?
Tim: When was the last time you planted a tree?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): On January 1, I planted a Breadfruit.
Tim: And you ma’am? No. 2? When was the last time you planted a tree. If you haven’t planted one just say you haven’t.
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): I haven’t planted any.
Tim And what about you, 20. No. 41?
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): I did not plant any.
Tim: Thank you… 15?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): I do not plant any.
Tim: 5
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): January 1st, I planted two Coconut trees.
Tim: And you… 20, the last time you planted a tree?
Island: The last time you planted a Coconut tree? The last time you plant a tree?
Marco: It can be any time, it could be last year.
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): I planted.
Tim: This years-old, last year? You do not need to know exactly.
Marco: Last years-old, or some other time?
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): Last year I planted, I planted a Mango tree.
Tim: A Mango tree. And 16?
Marco: 16, number 16
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): The day before yesterday I planted three Breadfruit trees.
Marco: This year?
Tim: OK! Thank you 19, you are 19?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes, I planted Breadfruit.
Marco In what year?
Tim: This year?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): This year.
Tim: Well, so you like planting trees? Do you just leave them to grow on their own?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): There are some that just grow on their own.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, some grow by themselves.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): We planted trees.
Islande: They have been planting Bread Fruit trees?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes
Tim: How do you get the seeds? Or…?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Breadfruit seeds, they grow and we plant them.
Tim: You do not have a nursery, you do it yourselves?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): You do it on your own.
Tim: You plant them near the house, in a small bag or…?
Public/Unidentified participant Voice: We don’t put them in bags. We just put plant them in the ground.
Public/Unidentified participant Voice: It may start growing there in the ground, then you transplant it.
Tim: So you might just find one growing.
Islande: Like a Breadfruit, it makes its own seedlings. You dig them up and replant them.
Public/Unidentified participant Voice: Yes, they reproduce.
Tim: Well, but you don’t have any nurseries in the area?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No..
Tim: Have you never had a nursery in the area?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes we have had them in the past.
Tim: When?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): All through last December.
Tim: Who ran it?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): EPER
Tim: EPER, OK.
Islande: What did they ask if you had?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): A nursery.
Islande What is in the nursery?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Cabbage, Carrot, Eggplant, Tomato.
Tim: Oh! For your fields?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): For the fields.
Tim: OK, we were talking about trees. What is your favorite tree?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Well, we like all trees.
Marco: Is there one you like more?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): We love Cashews. We love Breadfruit.
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): All the trees, since we see they are important, we take care of them.
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): We love Ash, too. We can cut them down and saw them.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): They are all useful.
Tim: They’re all useful?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, they’re all useful
Tim: Well, in the end… Why are they useful. What do you get from them? You get fruit? You get Mangoes?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, they bear fruit.
Tim: What else? What do you get from Mahagony?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal):
To cut, to make boards, to make furniture.
Tim: Boards?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Tables, beds, furniture.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): To make coffins…
Tim: Coff…?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Coffins.
#: Ash, Ash.
Tim: Ash?
#: Ash is good for caskets.
Tim: Ash, for making coffins?
#: Yes.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes.
Tim: OK. I see you cover houses with Palm fronds, right?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Vetiver.
Tim: Vetiver?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: You make houses with it?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, vetiver, we cover them with it, for the roof.
Tim But, you don’t use wood?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, the house is made of wood.
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Log Wood poles.
Tim: Log Wood?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Yes, Log Wood.
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Star Apple.
Tim: Star Apple, Star Apples also give you fruit.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): yes.
5 minutes
Tim: So, you sometimes cut down Star Apple trees?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): No, we mean…
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): There are two Star Apple trees, Kayimites, one to eat, one not for eating.
Tim: There are two types?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): yes
Tim: Oh! what else? What you make baskets with around here?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Latanye Palms.
Tim: Anything else?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Yes, Royal Palm, when it gets to a certain height you might cut it down. Do you understand?
Tim: OK that was No. 18? We are being careless. Everyone please start by saying your number.
Marco: Each speaker, start by saying the number you have in your hands, then say what you have to say.
Tim: Yes, if we don’t shout to say OK. No. 19, what do you make, you say you make baskets with latanye, OK! That’s 15. What else?
Marco: Number 17, what do you do?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Palms.
Tim: You don’t have Bamboo?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Bamboo, too. We make them with Bamboo.
Tim: Do you make traps to sell to fishermen?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: You make the traps with Bamboo?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes
Islande: Do any of you who are here make fish traps?
Public/Unidentified participant Voice: We make traps, and put them in fresh water.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): But not in the ocean.
Tim: But you don’t fish yourselves?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Well, yes.
Tim: You fish in the sea?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No, not in the sea, in freshwater, in the river.
Tim: That was 18. What kind of fish do you catch?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Ah! We catch teta, barigon, mullet, etc. Several kinds of fish, lots of fish!
Islande: Ah, No. 16 was saying something. Do you make traps? 16?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): It wasn’t me?
Island: Uh, huh.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): yes!
Islande. You also put out traps?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Yes
Tim: In rivers?
Islande: Where do you put them?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Since the water is deep and runs under the trap, we cut off the water and block the fish so we can catch them.
Islande: Ah! OK. And what do you make the traps with?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): With Bamboo, we get the Bamboo and we weave it, we braid it into traps.
Islande: Ah, you plait it?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): yes.
Islande: You find Bamboo then you weave a trap?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Yes. I cut the Bamboo, I weave it, I dry it to harden it, then I tie it to fasten it, and the it’s nn bari’l I killed the thread again, and then bait it, set it, and wait.
Tim: Do you ever make traps and sell them to open-water fishermen?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No, we don’t do that.
Tim: You don’t?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): No, I don’t.
Tim: You don’t do that? OK. What else do you do? Do you sell wood for making dugout canoes?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): yes!
Tim: What wood is best?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Mango.
Tim: Mango, 15 says Mango. What else?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Momben.
Tim: What else?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Mango and Momben.
Tim: Well, so do you know Momben? There is a seed that floats in the water, you know it?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Momben?
Tim: Yes, we know, it has large seeds, isn’t that Momben?
Islande: It has big seeds.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: Those seeds, do people come to buy them?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No, they don’t.
Tim: OK. They have a tree that gives you a sort of black milk, do you know this tree? Do you use it, do you know it?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Fige.
Tim: What?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Fige Modi.
Tim: Yes, what’s it called?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Fige
Tim: Fige?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, Fige Modi
Islande: #16 What?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Fige Modi
Islande: Fige Modi, OK!
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): It has a seed that makes a glue when you boil it.
Tim: And you can sell that?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No, we don’t sell it.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): We sometimes make it but we don’t sell it.
Tim: So you can make it?
#17 Yes, we know how, but it’s not useful for anything.
Tim: But you make it to sell it?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): We do it, but we don’t sell it.
Islande: But do you sell it?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): No.
#17 We don’t sell it, but we know places where they do sell it, though.
Tim: Who does that?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): In the marketplace
Islande: Where do you see them selling?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): My mother-in-law sometimes makes it to go sell it somewhere else. She gathers seeds, boils them, and goes off to sell it.
Tim: OK! So, people from the coast they don’t come buy seeds, they buy the glue already made?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Yes, they buy it ready-made. If you offer it to them they’ll buy it.
Interviewer: But they do not come buy it around here?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): No, they don’t buy from us.
Tim: OK, what other things do you get from trees that are useful for you, or people from other places?
Tim: Kisa ankò?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Yes.
Tim: What else?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): There’s something called Kakonn.
Tim: Kakonn.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Kakonn.
Tim: What is that?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): It has red seeds. They’re like a knee, what’s inside a knee.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): They put it in a scarf.
#17 They put it into a scarf.
Tim: A scarf?
Islande: That you put around your neck.
Tim: Of course! To look nice.
Marco: Ok, ok.
Tim: To look nice.
Marco: Scarf.
10 minutes
Islande: They wear them to look good, but also as a sort of collar. Like a scout, they put it around their neck to let people know they’re in scouting. They put that around their neck, like a piece of fabric, and it serves as a barrier, to hold what you put in there.
Marco: Like a collar.
Tim: Is there anything else you were thinking?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): There’s another thing, like Sapodilla.
Tim: Why is that good?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): It’s produces a fruit. It has seeds like a Mango tree.
Tim: And what to do with the seeds?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): They eat them, and they sell them in the market. Sapodilla.
Islande: You don’t have Castor Bean trees around here?
Voice: yes! A lot!.
Island: Good, and you didn’t mention that?.
Tim: You didn’t mention it! Laugh: ha ha ha! Well, what else?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Spanish Lime.
Tim: Spanish Lime. To eat?
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): Yes.
Islande: You don’t have calabash trees here?
Public/Unidentified participant Voice: Yes.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): There are Papaya trees.
Tim: What do you say, 20?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Papaya.
Tim: Papaya.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): It gives you a fruit.
Tim: It produces a fruit. A vegetable.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): yes
Marco: But do you take them to sell in the market?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Yes.
Marco: They don’t come to you to buy it?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): No, they do not come buy it, but we go to sell it in the market.
Islande: What market to you sell it in?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Beaumont, Jeremie, Roseau.
Tim: People come to buy?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): No,
Tim: You transport it there.?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): We take it there.
Tim: What else do you take to market?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Mango…
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Avocado…
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Breadfuit
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): Cachiman (Custard Apple),
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Soursop
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Sugarcane,
Tim: Mango?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Cane.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Sugarcane.
Tim: Sugarcane! And what Mango is the most important Mango around here?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Mango Labiche.
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Kakonn Mango.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Francique.
Marco: #18, What Mango do you have the most of around here?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Well around here we have all kinds of Mangoes.
Marco But what do you think is most common?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): The Kakòn Mouben is the one we have the most of.
Marco: Kakonn.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Kanel Mangoes.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Labiche.
Tim: Which one gets the best price?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Mango Kakonn.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Kanel.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): There’s a Mango like that but we hardly have any around here.
Marco: Kakòn has horns?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Yes.
Islande You don’t have Yil Mangoes around here?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): There’s another Mango Fil (string).
Islande: This is the number 5 who is talking.
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): It usually has worms, but when it doesn’t it sells for a higher price than the others.
Islande: Because it is refreshing.
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): It’s a refreshing Mango.
Tim: OK, and do you have any Coconuts here?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): We lost most of them to the storm. We have some little ones but the weather killed most of them.
Tim: Do people come to buy Coconuts from you?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): When we had them. When we had them. we took them to sell, but now we don’t have them.
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Now we are starting all over.
Tim: Among all of these trees, what sells for the highest price? Even if it’s for the wood. What is the most valuable one to you?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Limes
Tim: Lime?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Lime, Orange,
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Coconut.
Tim: What? Coconuts are valuable, too?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): yes.
Tim: What else?
Marco: What’s most important?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Grapefruit.
Tim: Grapefruit?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Yes.
Tim: Well, what tree do you like the least?
Public/Unidentified participant Voice: We like them all. There aren’t any we don’t like.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): The only tree we don’t like is the Log Wood, because it has too many thorns.
Tim: Are there no trees that dry out the land?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Mesquite.
Tim: Mesquite, you don’t want them around?
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): Mesquite is a good wood.
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): It sounds like a stick of water and it has thorns.
Tim: Does it have thorns? Does it take a lot of water?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): Yes, it has thorns but it’s important. It takes the water from the earth.
Tim: Is there a tree that sucks the water from the earth?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): yes, Trumpet.
Tim: Trumpet? But you like it anyway?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Yes.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Gumbo Limbo (gomye).
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Guaba, Guaba.
Marco: Number 17, what do Trumpets do for the soil?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Trumpet grows on the ground. It does’t dry up the water, it puts it into the ground. The tree that drains the soil is Satanye.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Zatanye. Avocado.
Marco: What number?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Avocados dry the soil too, Avocado.
Tim: And Neem (Indian Neem). Do you have Neems around here?
#: No, we have Lila.
Islande: That’s it, that’s it, yes.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Neem.
Tim: Neem does not dry the soil?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): It doesn’t take up the water.
Tim: You like the Neem?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Yes.
Tim: So, you love all trees.
Public/Unidentified participant Voice: We love all trees!
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): It’s good for fever. We like it.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Another tree that is superior is Sweet Orange.
Tim: You have a lot of those?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Well, we have them, yes.
Tim: They are good?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): yes.
15 minutes
Marco: Well, if we you had to choose out of all the trees you have, if you were to choose one of them, out of all the trees you have listed, which one is the most important?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Out of all of the trees there’s not one that’s not important for us.
Tim: Choose one you love most of all.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): One that’s our favorite.
Marco: Yes,
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): In all the trees …
Marco: The one you love the most, that’s the most useful.
Islande: You, yes, according to you, which is your favorite?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): The tree I like, I like the Log Wood. I like Mahagony, I like Breadfruit.
Islande: One, why?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): It makes great beds.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): I like Eucalyptus
Island: why?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): It’s good for building. I sell them myself.
Tim: Hmmmm
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): It’s good for a house, I do not use cement
Tim: Number 20, what tree do you like the most?
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): The tree I like the most, Breadfruit.
Tim: Breadfruit you eat?
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): Yes.
Tim: Okay. #5
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): I like the tree we call Rose Wood. I like it because it makes beautiful furniture for the house.
Islande: Nice chairs.
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): Yes, it’s good for building, and for furniture.
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): I love it. You can cut it or dry it if you need to have a home or need to make furniture.
Tim: OK, you. #2
Islande: You Ms. 41
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): Who, me?
Islande: Yes.
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): My favorite tree? Mango.
Tim: For food.
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): Yes, I eat Mango.
Islande: No. 2.
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): My favorites are Lime and Orange.
Islande: Just one.
Tim: Because you can sell them, or because they are useful to you?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): It is useful for me because when I need to make 10 cents, a little money, that’s where I get it.
Marc: Ok, you have Limes, you have Lime trees?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): No, I’ve removed them.
Marco: But you had them.
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Yes, we had them.
Marc: OK.
Tim: And you want to have them again. And 18?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): I love Breadfruit.
Marco: Breadfruit Seed trees?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Why, because I get Breadfruit seeds from it. I like to eat the seeds.
Marco: But is it useful to you?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Yes, it’s helpful to me, the Breadfruit tree.
Tim: OK.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): I love the Mango tree, because when we have Mangoes the children don’t give me any trouble. They go eat a Mango.
Tim: Let’s talk a little more about fruit. What fruit sells best here?
Marco: What fruit? Like when we talk about fruit, Mango…
Islande: Mangoes, Avocados, Oranges, Limes, Grapefruit.
The Public/Unidentified participant repeats all of these fruits.
Tim: Is there one that sells best?
Islande: That sells the most. That is the most popular.
Marco: Ok, #19 what sells best in this area?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): The best seller is Coconut.
Marco: Coconut.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes.
Marco: Out of all the fruits, Coconuts sell the best?
Tim: You all agree?
Marco: You all agree?
Island: You understand? The most money, the most fruit.
Islande: OK! The ones that sell the fastest?
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): You’ll sell more Mangoes, when you put it into … you’ll sell out.
Islande: OK, and what do you sell the most of?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): What sells best is Custard Apple (Cachiman)…
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): And Soursop.
Islande: Number 15 says Soursop, OK!
Tim: What’s most important, as in, when you’re hungry, when there’s a drought, when you have problems, when you can’t find work, things like that.
Islande: What helps you?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Well, what’s most important when we’re hungry, it’s yellow yams.
Tim: 16
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Because when we buy a basket for two hundred dola, to plant, in times of hunger you can get something to eat from it every three months.
Marco: OK, number 16, but do you all agree?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, we agree.
Tim: Yellow yams.
Islande: And you don’t have manioc here?
Public/Unidentified participant Voice: The storm destroyed them all, we’re having to start all over with them.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): And that was your best crop.
Tim: The yams?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Manioc.
Tim: Manioc?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Yes.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): We had all those things, but they were wiped out.
Tim: So, imagine…
Islande: OK, Let us return to fruit. Do you have Grenandin around here?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): We used to have them, but we don’t any more.
Islande: And Passion Fruit?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, we have them.
Tim: Pineapple…
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, we have those.
Islande: Well, you didn’t talk about those things at all.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Well you know, there are a lot of those things.
Tim: There are a lot of them.
20 minutes
Marco OK, so when you say, yes, you have them, do you mean you have a large quantity of them, or that people might have a couple trees in their gardens?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): We don’t have them in quantity.
Unidentified Female Participant: One person might have them, but not everybody.
Unidentified Male Participant: They might have two or three trees.
Islande: Pineapple does not sell much.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Right.
Islande: It does not sell fast.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Right.
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): When there’s not much of it, it sells fast. When there’s a lot it doesn’t sell well.
Tim: Let’s imagine…
Islande: In what season do you have a lot of Pineapple?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): When June and July come around.
Unidentified Male Participant: In July.
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): In May, too!
Tim: When, from May to when?
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): May, June, July.
Tim: May, June, July, OK. And Mango?
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): May.
Tim: Until when?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): It starts….
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): January, it starts in January and goes to the month of May.
Tim: Ok.
Marco: Ok, and for Pineapple, in what month do you have the most?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): It starts in May and ends in July.
Marco: Does it start in May?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Yes.
Marco: It ends in July.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Yes, because it is one harvest after another.
Tim: And Star Apple?
Islande: Hmmm.
Marco: Yes
Tim: Star Apple. When do you find them?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): March.
Tim: March, until when?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Until May.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): In June too.
Tim: And Custard Apple (Cachiman)?
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): Custard Apple is usually ready around this month, in January it’s there.
Tim: Until when?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): July.
Tim: Lime?
Island: When do the first Custard Apples ripen?
Voice: Lime doesn’t end, it’s harvest after harvest..
Marco: Ok, #41, Custard Apple (Cachiman), in what month did you say?
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): It starts in January, February and March, we still have it in April.
Tim: And Limes, when do you have the most Limes?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): The month of June.
Tim: When does it end?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): It ends in April.
Tim: It ends in April, it starts in April, it ends in June, so there are only two or three months.
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): Yes.
Tim: And Sweet Orange?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Sweet Orange starts at the same time..
Tim: Lime, Grapefruit is the same time?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes
# Unidentified Male Participant: Three months, three months.
Tim: Oranges, it’s the same time?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes
Marco: They all have the same dates?
Tim: Three months, they bear fruit for three months.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Yes, it’s the same time, the same three months.
Tim: What fruit have we missed… and Coconut bear fruit twice?
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): Coconut is one year.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): It’s one harvest after another, but it’s hard for them to reach the point where they are ready. They grow slowly, and they can easily get destroyed in a storm.
Marco: How many months, how many months?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): They can take a year.
Islande: No, harvest-after-harvest means one week so-and-so has them, and another week somebody else does.
Tim: OK, so it doesn’t have a season, each tree has its own season.
Marco: How many months?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): One harvest after another.
Tim: OK, so it doesn’t have a season, each tree has its own season.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Yes.
Tim: So, what are we missing here? Is there another fruit?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Papaya.
Tim: OK, Papaya.
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): Papaya, I heard Papaya.
Islande: What did you say, No. 20?
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): I said…
Islande: When do you have the most Papayas?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Right now, the Papayas are ready.
Islande: When will they be finished, do you know?
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): It’s one harvest after another.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Harvest after harvest.
Tim: Avocados?
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): Every year they’re ready in June, and even May.
Tim: And how many months until it ends?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): We have Avocados that don’t end until December.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): We have another good crop.
Tim: What?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Apples.
Tim: What apple?
Islande: Ha! You never said that!
Tim: Apples, which apple?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Cashew apples, native apples, the ones they make nuts with.
Tim: OK.
Tim: When do you harvest them?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): They’re ready in June, July.
Tim: June, July and when are they done, July?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes.
Marco: Ok, it starts in June and ends the same.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes.
Tim: They start again at the same time, but are they important to you?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Yes, it is important to us because it sells at a high price.
Tim: And you have much here…
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No, the storm destroyed most of them.
Tim: You did not plant them… you did not plant them again?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes, I planted some again.
Tim: You’ve planted them?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes.
Tim: When?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): January.
Tim: Well! Let’s start talking about boards, lumber. Have we talked about boards?
25 minutes
Islande: What trees do you use around here to make boards?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Mahagony, ash.
Tim: Yes, they said that, but which is more…
Islande: Which is best, for making boards?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Mahagony, cedar, oak
Tim: They already said that.
Islande: 17, cedar?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Oak, oak, oak.
Islande: Oak?
Tim: They said that, also, you said Kaliptis.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Yes
Tim: They already said that. So, let’s change the subject, because we talked about that? Let me ask a question about…
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): The laurel makes really good boards.
Islande: Hmm!
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): The laurel makes very good boards.
Tim: Laurel, too?
Islande: Laurel…
Tim: But look, if there is a Mango tree, you have a Mango tree, does it belong to several people?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No It has a single owner?
Tim: Yes but, now… OK, for example, even the Custard Apple (Cachiman)…
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): yes.
Tim: It’s the same with all trees, each has just one owner.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes, if it’s on the person’s property it’s his.
Islande: Well, let me pose the question another way. On an inherited piece of land, does the tree belong to one person?
Public/Unidentified participant Voice: No. It belongs to all of the heirs.
Tim: So, all of the trees on the family land…
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): They belong to all of the heirs.
Tim: Well.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): They can all have a share.
Tim: OK. So, imagine I have a Konn Mango tree, Konn is the one you said sells well?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: So the Mangos are ready to harvest. Does anyone in the household have the right to harvest it and sell it?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, since it’s in the house.
Islande: No, so any of those who inherited it?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes
Tim: They can sell it?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): They go in and sell it.
Islande: Number 17 has something to say.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Somebody comes into that field, one of the heirs, and plants a tree, that tree is his. He might decide not to harvest everything, and leave something because he’s not the one who planted the garden, somebody else did.
Tim: Well.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): You understand what I’m saying?
Tim: Yes, that’s a good story, and it’s the same for wood?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Yes.
Tim: You plant on your own inherited land and it’s yours?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Yes
Tim: OK. And everybody recognizes that [the land] belongs to the family.
Islande: Do you buy trees on somebody else’s land, and leave them to grow a little more?
Public/Unidentified participant Yes, we always do that
Tim: You buy them on other people’s land?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Yes, when we need it, we go and get it.
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): When we need it, we go cut it down.
Tim: How long can you leave it there?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): For five, six years. You buy it and then you go and get it.
Tim: OK.
Islande: How much do you pay for a tree?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): It depends on how big a tree it is. If you buy it when it’s small you can pay, say, two hundred dola for it.
Islande: What kind of trees do you buy?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): All kinds of trees.
Islande: No. 5, what kind of trees do you buy?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): All kinds of trees.
Islande: Such as? Give me some examples.
Tim: Do you buy trees?
#5 Yes, I buy trees, but what I buy the most is ash and Log Wood, because I’ve already used to them.
Islande: So what do you use Log Wood for?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): Houses, posts…
Islande: And ash?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): I make house beams.
Tim: But for your own home, or to sell?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): For my own home.
Tim: You don’t saw boards to sell?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): I’ve never done that, but I can’t say whether I might do it some day.
Tim: Is there anyone here who has bought trees to saw boards and sell them?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: Who does that?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): I’ve done it.
Tim: 17, do you?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): I buy them, saw them, make furniture from them, I make coffins, and I sell them.
Tim: You are a carpenter. OK, so is there anyone who is not a woodworker who does this? Are there any women who do?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): No, I do not.
Tim: None of the women do that all, no women buy trees as an investment?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): No, you won’t find any.
Tim: Does anybody buy Mangoes?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Yes, I do.
Tim: You buy the whole tree?
Public/Unidentified participant Voice: We buy the harvest.
Tim: The harvest!
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): You buy the harvest.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Yes, the harvest.
Tim: Then you go harvest all the Mangoes?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): Yes, it’s going to be…
Islande: Number 15, you used to buy Mangoes?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Yes.
Tim: #15
Islande: How much do you pay for the Mango tree, how much can you buy a tree of Mangoes for?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): With all the Mangoes in it?
Islande: Yes.
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): What that means is that you buy it according to the quantity of Mangoes in it, you might pay the person a thousand goud. That means the tree won’t be mine, but I can buy the harvest for 1000 goud.
Tim: Ok 15, you’ve bought it, then what do you do?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): I go and sell it.
Tim: But how, you are the one who goes and picks the fruit?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): No, I have someone pick for me, and I go and sell it.
Marco: You pay that person?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Yes, if it’s somebody in my family. I don’t pay them, but otherwise I pay them for the service, and they harvest for me.
Islande: How much do you usually pay?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): I pay them 30 dola (30 Haitian dola or 150 goud) or 50 dola (250 goud).
Tim: Now, you carry off the Mangoes?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Yes.
30 minutes
Tim: You put them on a truck, or a bus?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Yes, a truck or a motorcycle.
Islande: Where do you sell them?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Roseau, Jeremie, Beaumont.
Tim: OK.
Islande: Do you pay after you’ve finished selling, or do you pay before you go to sell?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): It depends on the terms I’ve agreed to. I might say I’ll pay after I’ve finished selling, but if the other person doesn’t agree to that I’ll pay before selling.
Tim: Do you do that with other fruit too, such as Custard Apple or Star Apple?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): No.
Tim: No, Avocado?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Yes, there are people who do that although I never have.
Tim: Yes, but most of the time you do it with Mango?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Yes, it’s easier with Mango.
Tim: And the Cashew apple, you don’t do it with apples?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): No.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): There are not enough to do it.
Tim: hmm.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): There aren’t enough to buy and then resell.
Tim: There is not enough to do it?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Yes.
Tim: What do you do with them?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): The apple?
Tim: Yes.
#7: The apple, like the apple, they sell the apple, I mean they eat the apple and they sell the seeds to make things to eat out of them.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): You make tablets with them.
Tim: You make tablets?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Yes.
Tim: But you don’t go to Jeremie with them, there aren’t enough?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Yes, that means the person does not have enough to go to the market with them, they don’t have enough to go sell it.
Islande: But there aren’t other vendors who come buy from them at the crossroads?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Islande: Well, when they come to buy it, it’s not to go resell somewhere?
Tim: The seeds, but they don’t buy the tree’s harvest, they don’t buy the harvest.
Island: When the nuts are ready how much can you sell a can for?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): It depends on when we start.
Marco: Number 5.
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): When there’s a lot at the beginning, one can sells for 20 dola (100 goud). But when it starts to get scarce it can sell for 30 or 40 dola per can.
Islande: OK Number 5, is there nobody here who has sold tablet made with the Cashew nuts, or who makes grilled Cashew nuts to sell?
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): Well we don’t sell just the nut, we sell it whole, with the flesh.
Islande: Number 41, you sell it with the skin and everything?
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): Yes.
Islande: How many cans (mamit) do you sell in a year?
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): I haven’t sold it in a long time, because the trees just don’t produce much, there’s no harvest and sometimes we eat everything we grow, so there’s none left to sell.
Islande: Ok. So nobody here sells the nuts, you don’t sell the seeds? You sell the whole fruit?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, with the flesh.
Islande: Hmm. Nobody has done it?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): With the flesh, measured by the can?
Islande: Hmmm.
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): Sure, I do. I sell 4, 5, 6, 7 cans.
Islande: And those 4, 5, 6, 7 cans, they go to people in the neighborhood, or do people from other areas nearby come for them?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): It’s not people from outside. It’s like a game, I trade, I’ll take somebody else’s, or he’ll take mine. If there’s enough I’ll take them and go sell them by the can.
Tim: 5…
Islande: OK.
Tim: Do any of you sometimes buy a stack of wood to make charcoal?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: What’s your number again, 19?
Marco: Number 16
Tim: 16, you do that?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Yes, we all do it.
Tim: Everyone around here makes charcoal?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Yes, everyone does it.
Tim: Which wood is best to buy to make charcoal?
Islande: To make charcoal?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): Log Wood.
Tim: Log Wood.
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): Din wood.
Tim: Din wood, what else?
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): Those are the woods I know that are good for charcoal.
Tim: Why are they good for charcoal?
{ #2 } Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Because they are harder.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): It’s hardwood, it’s the best wood.
Tim: When it’s small?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): It’s harder, it’s more firm.
Tim: Ah, it’s hardest.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Yes.
Marco: Do you ever make charcoal with wood from fruit trees, fruit-bearing trees?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): If they are already dead, if they die and you cut them down, you know?
Marco: If it’s dead wood?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): If a tree dies and it’s no longer of any use, it won’t bear any more fruit for us, we have to cut it down, and we make charcoal out of the wood.
Marco: But you never just choose a tree like that, and cut it down to make charcoal?
Piblik: No.
Tim: Or if there’s an emergency, you say, we are going to have to chop down that Mango tree?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No.
Tim: That isn’t done?
Islande: If there’s a problem or an illness, you might say, we’re going to have to cut down that Mango and use it to make charcoal?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No, that wouldn’t be good for us.
Islande: It might not be good, but do you have to do it sometimes anyway?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): If I see, this is No. 5 speaking, if I see a Mango tree and it’s clearly not dying, it’s healthy, if I cut it down to make charcoal it’s as if I’m killing a human being.
Marco: But do you ever do it?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): No, I don’t.
35 minutes
Tim: Wait, let me ask you a question. There are trees that have spirits in them, right?
Piblik: Yes.
Islande: Apple trees.
Tim: Hmm.
Islande: Cashew trees.
Tim: Cashew trees have spirits?
Islande: They have nuts, seeds (nwa).
Tim: No, spirits (lwa).
Marco: Ah, spirits. OK.
Islande: Ah, OK, spirits (lwa,miste).
Tim: Do you have those?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): Yes, there are trees like that. We can’t cut them down.
Tim: You can’t chop them down, is it an ancestral thing, or…?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): Yes, it’s a family thing, a matter of blood, or race..
Tim: These ancestral trees, you have them on your own land?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): If you have it on your land, you can’t cut it down.
Islande: How do you know when a tree has a spirit in it?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): How you know is that ever since you were a child you’ve seen old people worshipping there, telling you the tree must never be cut down. They worship there and say such-and-such a spirit lives there, you can’t cut it down.
Tim: OK, 18, but what kind of tree is most likely to have a spirit in it?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Calabash.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Calabash, Mango, they have them, too.
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): Fige, Spanish Lime, Palms, too.
Tim: OK.
Marco: Ok, 18, under what conditions could you cut down a tree like that?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Ah! I can’t cut it down, ever!
Tim: Trees like that, are they near water, are they always by the water or can they be anywhere?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Anywhere, they can be anywhere.
Tim: OK, let’s get back to charcoal. Now, you can buy a stack of wood?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: And, you say, what kind again?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Log Wood, hardwood.
Tim: Log Wood, hardwood.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Me, I do that. I buy wood, I make charcoal, when there’s Sapodilla, Sour apple, when there’s one that’s no longer bearing fruit people sell it in the market. It has a tiny seed. Those little seeds, birds eat them, you know? I buy those kinds of wood and I make charcoal.
Tim: OK, so it’s not good for anything else any more?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): No.
Tim: 18
Islande: OK, so this charcoal, do you sell it, or use it around here, or what?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Sometimes we sell it in Port-au-Prince, and sometimes we just sell it in the streets.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Me, I always sell my charcoal in Port-au-Prince.
Tim: 15, OK, so you send it by truck?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, on a truck.
Tim: You ride with it?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Yes.
Tim: You go with it. Do both men and women do this?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: Do you go sell it in a warehouse, do you sell it all at once, in bulk?
{#2} Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, we go sell it in a warehouse.
Islande: And when you do this, when you make charcoal, sometimes does someone come buy it from you here and go sell it? I mean a reseller, a middleman, who takes it to sell in Port-au-Prince?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Islande: Or do you always take take it to sell in Port-au-Prince yourself, after you make it?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): No, traveling merchants sometimes come buy from us.
Tim: Resellers come buy here?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): If we want, we can go sell it ourselves.
Tim: You make more profit that way?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: What’s the difference?
Islande: Wait, let’s consider this closely. When you sell to someone who’s going to turn around and sell it somewhere else, how much do you get for a sack of charcoal?
Tim: A sack sold here.
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): 70 dola (350 goud), or maybe you’d sell it for 60 dola.
Islande: 60 dola to the retailer.
Islande: And if you go to Port-au-Prince, how much do you pay for the truck to transport one sack of charcoal?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): 25 dola. There are places where they transport it for 30 dola.
Islande: OK, and what do you pay for yourself, for your seat?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): You don’t pay.
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): For yourself, you don’t pay.
Tim: And how much do you get per bag?
Islande: What do you sell a sack for when you get to Port-au-Prince?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Depending on whether you can sell it, if you have 10 sacks you might sell them for 1200, or maybe 1000 dola.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): That means you’re selling it wholesale, they call 10 sacks one lot, so you are selling one lot.
Islande: Ah! Lot, you sell one for 1000 dola (5000 goud)?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Yes, or 1200.
Tim: One lot, how much do you sell it for here?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): There are 10 bags.
Tim: And, how much does one lot sell for here?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): 600, 700 dola. 3000 goud.
Tim: 600, 700, you double the money?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Yes.
Islande: It’s almost double, the lot sells at 1000 dola.
Tim: Almost double, 1000,
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, it’s almost double.
Islande: But what if you subtract the money you pay to transport it?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, you take out the cost of transport.
Tim: No, that’s 25 dola, you say.
Islande: $25 per bag.
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Per sack, for each bag.
Islande: Each bag is 25 dola.
Tim: That’s 250?
Islande: Yes.
Tim: Now you are paying 250 dola, after all.
Islande: Hmmm!
Tim: OK…
Marco: OK #15. Do women sometimes buy a field of wood?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Yes.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: And she pays a man to cut it?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): She pays a man to cut it.
Tim: Do women sometimes cut down trees?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Yes, women do chop down trees.
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Yes.
Tim: And when you make charcoal, you cover it with earth?
Islande: A small or large amount of charcoal?
Public/Unidentified participant/Unidentified participant: A small amount, however much charcoal they can make.
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Whatever we can do.
Islande: How many bags of charcoal will you get out of it?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Say five bags, maybe eight.
Islande: And men, how many bags of charcoal might they be able to make?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): 50, 80 100, or more. Me, I make 80, 90, 100 or so at a time.
Islande: 18, All at once?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Yes, in one charcoal oven.
Tim: But, when you buy the wood to make the charcoal, do you make the charcoal yourself, or do you pay somebody else to do the work
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Yes, I pay somebody to cut the wood, you understand, and then I take the wood, on my own, I burn it myself, and then I put it into the bags and go to sell it in Port-au-Prince myself.
Islande: And when you’re putting it into the bags, do you sometimes have your family come to help?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Yes.
Islande: Who typically helps you put it into the bags?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Well, neighbors, or I might hire somebody to sort it.
Islande: Wives, women.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Usually I pay somebody to sort the charcoal.
Islande: Do you bring your wife, or somebody else, I don’t know.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Charcoal, it’s the wife’s charcoal.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Yes, that’s always the way charcoal has been done, charcoal belongs to the wife.
Islande: The children, do the children go along to sort the charcoal, too?
40 minutes
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Yes.
Islande: Who is more likely to sort the charcoal, little girls or little boys?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Everybody sorts. Girls sort, boys sort.
Islande: But who does it more?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Boys. Little boys sort it the most.
Islande: OK, let’s move on. Around here, do you ever do what you call “shoulder charcoal”?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, well, that’s exactly what we do. That’s the only way we do it.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): That’s all we do (laughter).
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): « Shoulder charcoal, » that’s… the distance from the cut tree, you carry it on your shoulder, the charcoal you carry here, that’s the « shoulder charcoal. »
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Shoulder wood charcoal. The wood might be cut at Charles Crossroads, and I’ll carry it here.
Tim: When you chop down a tree, do you cut it all the way down to the roots?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Down to the ground. To the ground. You don’t uproot it?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No.
Tim: And does it grow back?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, it grows back.
Tim: So now you don’t have to re-plant.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No, it will grow back just as it was.
Tim: But, does anybody plant trees expressly for the purpose of making charcoal?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No.
Tim: You just leave them to grow back?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: Does every plot of land around here have a private owner?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: There’s no state land?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No.
Tim: So that means that when you buy wood you buy it from a specific person. If you catch someone who’s making charcoal with wood that’s not his …
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): He’s got problems.
Tim: What do you do to him?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): We send him to prison.
Tim: Does that ever happen?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): It happens..
Tim: But you would denounce that person?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Well, he’s a thief.
Islande: What do you do, hit him a few times with a stick?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): We turn him over to the law.
Islande: You hand him over to the justice system?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Well, there might be young people who do it sometimes.
Unidentified male participant: You ignore it. You turn your back
Tim: But do they do this a lot?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Do they take a lot?
Tim: Yes
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): That depends on how much they can carry!
Islande: (Laughter). Depends on how much they can carry. But a person might spend all day carrying wood.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): He won’t do it all day, because he never knows when the actual owner of the wood wil show up.
Tim: He’ll just take a little of it?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): He takes a little bit, then comes back for a little more. The land isn’t his. He’s a thief.
Tim: Does anybody ever show up on their own land and find that all of their trees are gone? Does that ever happen?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): Yes. In a flood.
# Public/Unidentified female participant (Focus Group Renal): When the river rises.
Tim: No, no. When somebody has taken it all.
Islande: No, let me explain, if he takes a little, next day he takes a little more. Eventually, you might find there’s nothing left.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): There will be something left. A thief can try to take as much as he can, but the owner will eventually catch him.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): (silence)
Marco: But, in what season do people make the most charcoal?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): All the time.
Islande: Are there any Mapou trees around here?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): There are places you can find one or two Mapou trees, but not nearby. They’re not nearby.
Islande: Do you ever sell wood to bakers for making bread?
Islande: Hmmm!
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): No, that’s not likely.
Islande: Do people ever come to get wood with a truck to take it to the city?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): In boxes.
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): Yes, they do it all the time.
Islande: What kind of wood do they buy?
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): All kinds, you understand? To fill up the trucks and take it to Port-au-Prince, that kind of thing.
Tim: Do they sell it in Jeremie, too?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: Charcoal in Jeremie?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Islande: But, where do they take most of it to sell?
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): Port-au-Prince.
Tim: They don’t sell any in Les Cayes?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No.
Tim: They just go right past Les Cayes without stopping and go to Port-au-Prince?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: Generally, if a bag of charcoal sells for 60 dola here, how much does it sell for in Jeremie?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): 80 dola.
Tim: 80, and it sells for 60 dola here, you’re telling me?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: For every 80 dola, you get 20 out of it?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: How much does it cost to transport it?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Oh man, like 15 dola.
Tim: Wow! So you’re only getting five dola!?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): : (laughter) Yes, you’re going to get five dola.
Tim: Wow!
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): There’s not a lot of profit in it.
Tim: So you’re not likely to do that?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No, we don’t do it.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): We don’t go to Jeremie. I go to Port-au-Prince.
Tim: But, so, who sells charcoal in Jeremie, and other places?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): They get it from Grand Vincent.
Tim: Grand Vincent.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): And, also closer to the city.
Tim: You never send off charcoal by boat?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Long ago, when there were boats. Now there aren’t any boats that come.
Tim: Sailboats?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes, sailboats.
Islande: And sailboats, in sailboats, you don’t do that any more?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): That was a long time ago. A long time ago.
Islande: Now you have trucks that come get it right here, right at your door.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): They come to get it here, load it up, and take it away.
Islande: How many trips does a truck make in a week? OK! How many trucks come pick up charcoal here?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Several trucks.
45 minutes
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): In a week, when there are goods to transport, we can have five or six trucks come.
Tim: Do you let people buy on credit?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): The truck, yes.
Public/Unidentified female participant (Focus Group Renal): I can’t support the children. And the credit, they carry it for us and when we unload it we pay them. When we arrive at the depot we unload the goods and we get paid by the owner of the depot, then we pay.
Tim: That’s when you go?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes, when I go.
Tim: And the people who stay here, you take it on credit, you transport it, and you bring the money when you return?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes, I bring the money back with me.
Tim: Now, if number 15 has some charcoal, you have a sack and you give it to number 19 to carry and sell for you.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes, I sell it…
Tim: With nothing, without making one goud, then you bring back the money?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes.
Islande: Do you ever lose money on the charcoal?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes.
Tim: How does that happen?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes, a thief gets you.
Tim: Thief? People steal from you?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): You sometimes sell the charcoal, and you get robbed. You come home without one goud.
Marco: They take your money, not the charcoal.
Tim: They take it?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes, if they don’t kill you..
Tim: Has that ever happened to you?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): No, that hasn’t happened to me, yet.
Tim: Has that happened to you?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): No.
Tim: Has that happened to you?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): No.
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): If I sell that guy charcoal, he pays me, and he goes to sell it in Port-au-Prince. My money is safer than his. He’s risking his money, taking on risk.
Marco: Do big resellers ever come from Port-au-Prince to buy charcoal here?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: What did you say just now?
Islande: He doesn’t risk his money, he sells here for 60 dola, they pay him. The person who goes to sell in Port-au-Prince is the one who takes on risk. He’s at risk of having an accident, or getting robbed.
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): That’s what I mean exactly.
Tim: OK. But now, #18, if he goes with other people’s charcoal, and he gets robbed, he doesn’t have to pay the other people.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): (Laughter) He’s in hot water!
Tim: You’re on the hook, you have to pay.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): If I’m the one who sold to him, I could say he wasn’t really robbed, even if he might have been, and I could insist he pay me.
Tim: Yes, I see.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): You get it?
Tim: OK. How much money will you make if you transport it for #15, how much money will you take from the sale of his charcoal? How much profit will you make on it?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): If I carry it for him I won’t take money for it.
Tim: He’s family?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Yes.
Tim: And if you carry it for someone who’s not a relative?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): No matter who it is, if I carry his charcoal I won’t take money for it.
Islande: You carry it for each other?
#8: Yes, one person carries for another, no need for money.
Islande: Ah, OK.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): What’s even clearer, if I have 20 bags of charcoal I might sell him 10, and then have him sell my 10 for me.
Islande: Ah, OK!
Marco: Hmm. There he gets his profit.
Islande: No, he gets something else out of it. He sells him 10 bags, and then says, « Please, sell the other 10 for me»
Marco: He gets profit from the 10 he sells him.
Islande: Hmmm.
Marco: Yes.
Islande: Yes, have to know the place to go there.
Tim: Is there anything important we’re missing about trees, anything you think we should know? Something you know, but we don’t. Imagine. You’re here, you’re working, but now you’re looking for an intervention, a project that can help you with your trees, what would you ask for, number 19? What assistance would you ask for if there was someone looking to give you a hand?
Islande: What would you ask for, if someone came and offered to lend a hand?
Tim: With your trees.
Islande: Hmmm.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): With trees?
Islande: Hmmm.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): I’d ask them to give me Grigri trees (Bullet trees).
Tim: To give you Grigri trees.
Islande: #19, why do you need them to give you Grigri trees?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): They’re good for making houses. They make good posts. That’s something valuable.
Islande: Are there any of those trees in the area already?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes.
Tim: Grigri, you have them?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): There are some here, yes.
Islande: But, I didn’t hear anybody mention these trees earlier.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Bwa woz trees.
Islande: Ah! Woz, Grigri, it has several names. Ah, OK.
Tim: And you, number 5, if someone came to do an intervention with trees, a big enterprise like HEKS EPER, what advice would you give them on how to help you all with trees?
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): What advice would I give them?
Tim: Yes, would you ask for help with fruits, for help with charcoal?
Marco: But only with trees.
50 minutes
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): For trees only. Mangoes. We could use that, too, because we’ve lost a lot of Mango trees. We used to have lots of Mangoes, but not so much any more. We need more Mangoes.
Tim: You mean you would like a nursery with Mango trees?
#Man: Yes, for us to plant.
Tim: Horn Mangoes?
#Man: Blan, francique, for us to plant.
Tim: Franciques, are there people who come here to buy those to export?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): No, there aren’t.
Tim: People sell them in the streets. And you, 16, what kind of project would you like to see?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Well, I’d go into Mangoes more, too. Because, if I could find Francique Mangoes I’d plant them. Madanm Blan, I’d plant them. I have Labich and Kanel Mangoes, but I don’t have the other kinds.
Tim: OK, and 15, what kind of project would you want, to help with trees?
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): I’d ask for Coconut trees, because in the past we grew lots of Coconuts, but now we hardly have any. I’d do an intervention with them. If they were looking for a project, I’d ask them to do that for us, to give us Coconuts, and Mangoes, too. They’re very important.
Tim: OK, 41?
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): We need a lot of Avocadoes, because storms have killed our Avocado trees.
Tim: OK, and now you want a nursery?
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): Yes, because we hardly have any now.
Tim: 2?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Me, I think we need Limes, and Oranges.
Tim: Ah! You said that. 18.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Well, what I think we need is for someone to come graft the few Mango trees we have left, so they can reproduce. Understand? So they could produce nice Mangoes, and people would be able to have them.
Tim: Graft the ones already here?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Yes, for people to sell, and eat, too.
Tim: Good comments. 17?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Me, what I’d ask for is fruit trees, like Soursop trees.
Tim: No, I’m not asking what everybody said about fruit trees. I’m asking what trees interest you the most.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): That’s what I’m saying. We have a bug that gets onto our trees, and every seed that sprouts, it makes it so it can’t grow.
Tim: They get on what?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Our trees.
Tim: All your trees?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Yes, they’re black. Black bugs.
Tim: They get on all of your trees?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): On every one of them.
Marco: But what do you want them to do?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): We’d like to find something…
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Some product…
Islande: They get on the Neems, too?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Everything, as long as it’s a big tree.
Islande: Neems?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Yes.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Here’s how they are. See those black leaves, when that happens on a single fruit, it won’t grow, the tree won’t grow any more. It’s like a poison.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Even if you put a little… it’s inside the mother, it won’t grow any more.
Tim: When did that start?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): How many years ago did that start?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Several years ago.
Tim: Two years ago? Three?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Yes, two years. Two years.
Tim: Before Hurricane Mathew?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, before.
Tim: But, maybe it wasn’t clear. Let’s put the question another way. What help do you need with fruit trees, and with trees for making boards, and with charcoal. I don’t know what kind of aid. You’d prefer fruits?
Piblik: Yes. Rather than boards?
Islande: Rather than charcoal?
Tim: Over charcoal?
Marco: #19, choose one out of those three.
Tim: Imagine I’ve come here to help you.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): So, what would I choose among those two things?
Tim: Out of those three things, I come here as the head of some enterprise, some organization, I’m an outsider and I tell you I’m here to help you. I give you three choices: I’ll help you with fruit trees, I’ll help you with charcoal, or I’ll help you with making boards. What would you choose?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Well, I’d prefer boards.
Marcos: With trees for making boards.
Tim: Boards, OK. And you, 16, fruit, charcoal, or boards?
Marco: #16.
Tim: 16, boards, fruit, charcoal.
Islande: 16, charcoal.
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Well, me, as I said, I think Limes, I think support for Limes.
Tim: OK, fruit.
Islande: OK, fruit.
Tim: OK, #20.
Islande: #20
Tim: Boards, charcoal, fruit.
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): I need Breadfruit.
Tim: OK.
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): So, I already talked about Mangoes. I said Mangoes are something we used to have around here in great quantities, but they’ve been destroyed in storms. So we need to do something to bring them back.
Tim: OK. 15.
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): I prefer fruit.
Tim: You’re sticking with fruit.
Tim:Ok, #41, you’re sticking with fruit.
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): Yes.
Islande: And how are you going to make charcoal?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): We make it with what we have, with whatever bits of wood we have.
55 minutes
Tim: It takes care of itself?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: OK, 18.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Yes, fruit. Fruit are most important for me.
Islande: 41, you said something?
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): Yes, I did.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): I would like trees for making boards.
Tim: #41 said fruit.
Tim: #17 says boards.
Islande: You both spoke.
Tim: Yes, both did.
Islande: OK!
Male non participant: Excuse me, may I ask a question?
Tim: Yes, ask away.
Male non participant: Because I feel a little uneasy. I’m here, but you’re asking everyone.
Tim: I didn’t ask you because you weren’t here in the beginning. If you have something to say you can say it.
Male non participant: I see everyone has a little thing in their hands. I should have one too, so I can ask questions, too.
Tim: You can ask a question.
Male non participant: I can ask a question? What did you ask them?
Tim: What kind of intervention would you prefer, one with charcoal, with fruit, or with trees to cut into boards?
Male non participant: Trees to make boards?
Marco: Is that what you would choose?
Tim: All… you would choose lumber?
Male non participant: Part boards, part food.
Marcos: Out of those three, which would you choose? You have to choose just one. Which one?
Male non participant: Choose one!
Marco: Chose one.
Male non participant: Fruit. Mango.
Tim: Mango. Which Mango?
Male non participant: Big Mango.
Tim: What kind of Mango?
Male non participant: Mango Madan Blan.
Tim: Madan blan. OK. You think we’re good? OK, does anyone have anything they’d like to add? Is there anything important we should know? I’m going to take what we’ve discussed to the bosses.
Marco: Anything you think is important for us to know.
Male non participant: We have Madan fransique.
Tim: Fransique.
Islande: And, I have one last question. What kind of wood do you use to cook. Do you use charcoal or wood to cook?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): We use both. We burn wood, we burn charcoal.
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): We use dry wood more because, you know, we live in the countryside.
Islande: What kind of wood do use to cook at home?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): To cook… all kinds of wood. Any dry wood.
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Log Wood, hardwood (dinn), Spanish wood. We use all of those.
Tim: Do you eat liane panier (hoopvine)?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, we eat it. That’s great stuff.
Tim: A great thing?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, it’s great.
Tim: But, is it good for other things, like is it something you can make charcoal with?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No, they make baskets with it. They cut it and make baskets with it.
Tim: They make baskets with it?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): Yes, you eat the leaves, like a spinach, you can make juice with it, and the vine, it’s straight, you make baskets with it.
Tim: You make juice with the leaves?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: Are there other leaves you eat like that?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: What other leaves?
Male non participant: Spinach.
Tim: No, leaves from a tree.
Male non participant: Leaves from a tree… there’s olive leaves.
Tim: Olive?
Male non participant: Olive.
Tim: Are there any others?
Male non participant: They’re good greens. Morenga.
Tim: Yes, Morenga.
Tim: OK, so, we’re done. We would like to thank you sincerely… unless there is anything else you think we need to know.
Islande: Are there any artisans in the area who use latanier trees? Does anybody make crafts with those things?
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): What do you mean artisana?
Islande: You make hats, you make baskets…?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Islande: Hmmm!
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Shoulder bags.
Islande: Are there people who make those things around here?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
Tim: What do you make them with?
{#20} Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): With latanier.
Tim: Latanye
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): It can be used for seats in a chair, to sit in.
Tim: Chairs, too.
Public/Unidentified participant Yes. OK.
Islande: OK, you haven’t said what kind of wood you use to make chairs.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): With ash.
Islande: Straw chairs, that is.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): With ash.
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): And Palm fronds.
Marco: The seat is with Palms?
#2 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 68 years-old, 4 children, farmer, no education): No, the fronds.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Palm fronds for the straw seat. We weave it.
Marco: Weave.
Tim: You don’t make houses with Palm boards?
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): Yes, strips.
Tim: Yes, strips.
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): Yes, that house right there is made with Palm strips.
Tim: OK, I see. That’s Palm tree?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes, Palm. OK.
Islande: What do you use to make attics, lofts?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): With boards, cut boards, Palm-tree boards.
Marco: OK! If you think you have anything else that’s really important about trees, you can say it.
Tim: About trees, anything that’s a big deal. You say there are diseases that are hitting your trees?
Marco: Other than illness that strikes your trees, is there anything else important about trees?
Tim: 19
60 minutes
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): One important things is that when the fruit are ready, worms get into the Mangoes. We need something to prevent that. You should give us something to fix the Mangoes. It’s something that hit the trees. You might have beautiful Mangoes, but you can’t find one to eat because they’ve all got worms. They’re no good.
Marco: OK! #16, do you have one last thing to say?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): Me?
#16 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 51 years-old, 8 children, farmer): I don’t really have anything else to say. I think we’ve reached a good stopping point.
Marco: OK.
Islande: OK. Let me say something about those trees when you see them like that. If you have a lot of fruit you don’t want to lose, what do you do?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): We don’t do anything.
Male non participant: Because we don’t know anything we can do.
Tim: Yes, you don’t have that…
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): We don’t know what to do for them.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): We don’t know what to do for them.
Islande: Are there people around here who specialize in grafting trees?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No, we don’t have anybody like that. Who does the grafting?
Islande: You don’t graft trees around here?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes, people graft trees, you can make an Orange into a Grapefruit.
Isande: Who knows how to do the grafing?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): People from other places.
Tim: They send specialists?Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Speaking together, unintelligible.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Send information so they can show us how to graft.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): They don’t do it for us around here, but there are places where they do it. I’ve seen there are Orange trees that that have really Sweet Oranges..
Islande: But do you ever graft Almond trees?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): … we don’t have a grafting agent, somebody who could do it for us.
Islande: Ah! Nothing… but there are people who know how to do it, you just don’t know them?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Yes.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Other places?
Islande: No, I mean around here.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No, there aren’t any.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Well, there are people who do it.
Islande: There are people who do it, #19?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Yes.
Natacha: Who, who knows how to do it around here?
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): And other people know hiw to do it.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Vigo.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Daniel, and Vigo.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Yes, that’s in other areas, and Phanor.
Islande: So, it’s not actually in Renal.
19: Yes.
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No, it’s not in Renal.
Islande: Where’s Phanor?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): At Charles Crossroads, meaning we ask them to come do it for us, for money.
#19 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 71 years-old, 9 children, farmer, no education): Sometimes they won’t even come.
Islande: How much do you pay someone to graft a tree for you?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Say, 250 goud, 200 goud.
Tim: You do… you pay for that?
Islande: What kind of tree do you use.
Tim: Did you pay people to do that for you?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): No, I had somebody at one time who needed that done. I sent for someone to come do it for him.
Tim: Has anybody here paid somebody to graft trees on their land?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Yes.
Tim: Who does it?
Marco: OK, among you all, who are here. Among you…
Tim: Nobody here?
# Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): No.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): I have a neighbor who did it.
Tim: OK. A neighbor. OK.
Islande: What did he graft?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Orange. A Sour Orange.
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): The neighbor.
Islande: Hmmm!
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): He turned it into a Sweet Orange.
Islande: All of the trees, or in one spot?
#17 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 3 children, Mason/carpenter, 4th yr. high school): Every one of them. He had them cut around the trunk and did it.
Marco: OK, let’s continue in the same way. OK, #20, do you have one last thing to say?
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): No, I support everything the others said.
Marcos: OK, #5!
#5 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 63 years-old, 7 children, Farmer, no education): No, I don’t don’t want to drag it out, because everything that has been said is very important. I don’t have anything more, because what they’ve said, what you’ve said, it’s all important.
Marco:OK, #15.
#15 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 32 years-old, 2 Children, Trader, 6th Grade): No, I’m in agreement with what everyone else has said. I think it’s all important.
Marco: OK, #41.
Islande: If I were to ask…
#41 (Focus Group Renal, Female, 42 years-old, 4 Children, Trader, no education): What they’ve said, I agree. We’re all in the same boat. We’re all in agreement.
Islande: If I could ask one last, last question before we all go, what do you plant most around here?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Plantains, yams, sugarcane, sweet potatoes, beans.
Islande: OK!
Islande: What beans?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Black beans, kongo beans, sweet beans.
Tim: What is more important for you, your crops or your trees?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Crops.
Tim: OK, what’s more important, your crops or your livestock?
Public/Unidentified participant (Focus Group Renal): Livestock, crops, they’re both important.
# Male non participant: If you have crops, you have to have livestock, too.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): You can’t live without crops, you can’t live without livestock. You need them both.
Tim: OK.
Islande: Why is that? Why is that?
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): Because, if you have a good garden with beautiful crops, if you have a goat and you need money, you sell it.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): You sell the goat to buy what you need for your farm land.
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): You sell it to buy things to put in your garden.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): To buy inputs.
#20 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 90 years-old, 4 Children, Farmer, no education): To be able to hire day labor, etc.….
Tim: It’s the animals that cover those costs?
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): Yes, yes.
#18 (Focus Group Renal, Male, 37 years-old, 2 children, teacher, high school): I sell an animal. That is what I’ve got, what I own.
Tim: OK.
64 minutes
